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Foreword By C.N.R. Rao The accidental invention of glass-ceramic materials in the mid 1950s is due to the well-known glass chemist, S. However, it was Larry Hench’s Bioglass® that was the first synthetic material specifically developed to form a chemical bond with bones, for regeneration applications in the late 1960s. Since then many researchers have developed a variety of novel materials for biomedical applications.
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The performance of biomaterials depends upon chemical and biochemical interactions between the biomaterials and their hosts. Several synthetic materials have proven to be of clinical use, enhancing the process of periodontal regeneration. Among them, Bonelike®, a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite has been implanted in intra-bony periodontal defects and has demonstrated increased bone regeneration, as assessed by clinical and radiological parameters. There has also been rapid development in rare-earth containing materials for optical applications. More recently, hydroxyapatite substituted with rare-earth ions has become the focus of interest for bone related applications.
This eBook entitled “Current Trends on Glass Ceramics Materials” should be useful to materials scientists, engineers, as well as surgeons, and to provide an insight into the current developments in the field. It should also be useful to research scientists pursuing research on new generation biomaterials. I recommend the eBook for wide use by all those concerned with ceramic biomaterials. Gintaras Juodžbalys Human skeletal bone loss is a major health concern in the twenty first century, with massive socioeconomic implications. Bone loss can appear because of traumatic injury, bone cancer or birth defects.
Furthermore there is a significant proportion of patients with bony defects or non-unions that are not amenable to healing only by direct fixation. Unfortunately, autograft, which is a current gold standard in bone grafts, has some serious shortcomings.
These are related to the need for extra surgical procedures, with their associated blood loss, postoperative pain and possible complications, such as injury to nearby nerves or major blood vessels. Also, the amount of bone tissue that can be harvested is limited. Nowadays alloplasts, synthetically derived bone graft biomaterials are replacing autograft in craniofacial and orthopedic surgery. They are becoming widely used because of their promising results as bone regenerative materials. Every day, people in different countries receive bone biomaterials for replacement of diseased tissue and in the therapy for non-union defects.
Consequently, there is an increasing demand for orthopedic implants that integrate into recipient’s body tissue and as fillers to treat critical size defects. Interdisciplinary studies performed by materials scientists, engineers as well as by surgeons, showed that glass and ceramic materials are promising biomaterials that can be successfully used for bone regeneration.
Furthermore, the development of bio-glass, glass reinforced hydroxyapatite and other new biocompatible materials are promising to enhance cell adhesion and proliferation, which is extremely important in bone tissue engineering. This eBook is intended to demonstrate how materials in the field of glass and ceramics can be employed for different applications.
Preface Glass and ceramics have generated a great deal of interest as potential materials for biomedical and technological applications. The aim of the eBook entitled “Current Trends on Glass and Ceramic Materials” is to extensively review the latest developments in glass and ceramic materials. Bio-glass and glass reinforced hydroxyapatite related research and its novel applications are essential for the health sector. In fact, a wide range of investigation is on-going worldwide by eminent scholars in order to further develop innovative materials for the next generation of applications. Therefore, this eBook is intended as a reference guide for all the scientific community and concurrently, the authors hope that it may be useful for those who are searching for a general overview of glass ceramics materials and its applications in different fields.
One of the most important themes in novel materials research is to develop innovative materials to use in solving problems in human health care. This has led to the development of synthetic materials known as biomaterials.
Their fabrication for bone implants and tissue engineering, followed by their implantation in human body is a highly interdisciplinary subject to be addressed jointly by materials scientists, engineers as well as by surgeons. The chapter one gives an introduction about the substances that can be termed biomaterials, their requirements and material-tissue interactions. Further, the development of advanced dental material technologies has recently led to the introduction of a range of all-ceramic restorations in dentistry.
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In chapter two, the authors summarise the fundamental principles of glass-ceramic technology, particularly its use in dentistry, and also give general information about current commercial materials and materials currently under development. Discussing their properties, processing methods, and how they may affect the future of dentistry. In chapter three, the microwave heating technique, which has attracted considerable attention for the processing of various materials such as ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites and even metals is reviewed. Researchers are trying to apply this technology to new areas. Lanthanide-doped composites have been reported to have an adequate biocompatibility, further enhancing cell adhesion and proliferation, a behaviour that suggests a prospective application in bone tissue engineering approaches and these are discussed in chapter four.
Chapter five aims to address the clinical application of bone grafts on periodontal regenerative approaches, with relevance given to the use of calcium phosphate ceramics. A clinical case study is presented in which the regenerative capability of a glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite, Bonelike®, is thoroughly evaluated by clinical and tomographic measurements, in the healing of a periodontal intrabony defect. In the final chapter, the structural and optical analysis of erbium ion doped zinc/cadmium bismuth borate/silicate glasses is reported. This is based on the results concerning the NIR emission transition 4I13/2?4I15/2 at 1.506 µm, in Er3+- doped zinc/cadmium bismuth borate/ silicate glasses, which may prove to be useful in the optical communication area.